This summary of modern physics in one table is written to make you wonder, think, and enjoy the beauty of nature.
The summary has been thoroughly tested with experiments and observations by practically all scientists and engineers.
The summary will markedly shorten your study of physics.
 

This 9-line summary of physics agrees with all observations. Exactly.

The 9 lines state that general relativity, the standard model of particle physics with massive mixing Dirac neutrinos,
and thermodynamics describe all of nature. Yes, all of it. Yes, exactly. The 9 lines also highlight what we do not know. All of it.

Details are explained in C. Schiller, From maximum force to physics in 9 lines and towards relativistic quantum gravity,  
published in Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 78 (2023), 145-159, which also contains the ultimate data availability statement.

Talk slides are here.    These slides are in German.    A clubhouse podcast on the 9 lines is found here.
 

The 9 lines are simple, complete and correct.

The 9 lines contain all present knowledge about nature and motion, including all physics and all observations ever made.

No known observation and no known measurement contradicts these 9 lines, not even in the last significant digit.

Make a single observation contradicting the 9 lines and you will become famous.

The simplicity of the 9 lines and their vast domain of validity are fascinating.

The 9 lines determine all equations of physics, as the references in the pdf at the top of the page show:

Lines 1, 2 and 3, together, uniquely determine special and general relativity, cosmology, the Hilbert Lagrangian and Einstein's field equations. (This is shown in a Phys Rev D article and other publications presented here.) If you prefer, you can use the black hole mass per length limit c²/4G instead of the maximum force in line 3.

Line 5, with lines 1 and 4, uniquely implies thermodynamics. (This is shown in this publication: Entropy 25 (2023) 1511.)

Lines 1, 2, 4, and 6 to 9, together, uniquely determine quantum field theory and the Lagrangian of the standard model of particle physics with massive Dirac neutrinos and PMNS mixing. (The equivalence is shown in publications presented here.) Written out, the Lagrangian of the full standard model is somewhat involved, as Jim Shifflett shows.

The 9 lines show how little math is required to describe nature with high precision.

The 9 lines describe everything that moves - and thus everything that happens in nature.

All mathematics used in physics follows from these 9 lines: Lagrangians, equations of motion, wave functions, Hilbert spaces, Lie groups, Riemann space, etc.

Physics is the precise description of motion. To achieve precision, the last line, containing the fundamental constants, is essential.

The 9 lines given above improve the humorous 9 lines found here.

The 9 lines resulted from the work of countless scientists and engineers during 410 years.

Galileo started around the year 1592; line 1 resulted about 150 years later. Line 5 arose from 1824 to 1929, line 6 arose
around 1860, lines 2 and 4 around 1900, line 3 from 1915 to 2002, and lines 7, 8 and 9 from 1936 to 1973.

The 9 lines imply the lack of trans-Planckian effects, as detailed here.

No such effect has been observed and no such effect will ever be observed.
In particular, combining the 9 lines implies that twice the Planck length (4G ℏ/c³)^1/2 is the smallest length in nature.
Its wide-ranging implications, for unification in particular, are explored on a separate page.

The 9 lines contain all natural sciences.

They contain physics, chemistry, material science, biology, medicine, geology, astronomy and all engineering disciplines.

Again: any single observation contradicting the 9 lines will create a sensation.

 
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Half a million publications about the 9 lines have explored two questions.
 

I. Are all observations and "laws" of motion described by the 9 lines?

For particle physics, the answer for the last 50 years has been: yes, quantum field theory and the standard model with massive neutrinos describe all observations about particles.
For thermodynamics, the answer for the last 100 years has been: yes, thermodynamics passes all tests and describes all observations starting from the principle of the smallest system entropy k ln 2.
For gravity, the answer for the last 100 years has been: yes, the principle of maximum force c⁴/4G ≈ 3.0 · 10⁴³ N summarizes general relativity, passes all tests, and describes all observations about gravity.

One issue remains in cosmology: the rotation curves of galaxies, galaxy groups and wide binaries, at accelerations around 0.1 nm/s² and smaller, are puzzling. Often, this puzzle is assumed to be solved by (cold) dark matter. However, the only known types of dark matter, black holes (cold) and neutrinos (hot), do not explain the rotation curves at low accelerations. The puzzle remains a research topic, as Stacy McGaugh explains. The rotation curves might be due to quantum effects, as Milgrom, Pikhitsa, or Verlinde suggest. The rotation curves might also be due to pure general relativity, as David Wiltshire, Marco Galoppo, Federico Re and their colleagues suggest. Their research about general relativity suggests the lack of both dark matter and dark energy.
 

II. What is the common origin of all 9 lines?

In particular, what determines the apparent choices in lines 6 to 9, i.e., the force spectrum, the particle spectrum, and the fundamental constants?c⁴
Lines 6 to 9 contain the only observations unexplained by general relativity and particle physics. They include this one: Where do colours come from? c⁴
In simple words, the 9 lines are not unified. To be unified, they must be shown to follow from a single line.c⁴

The mentioned half a million publications contain only two unification approaches that claim to deduce lines 6 to 9 from a single one. This is not a typo.c⁴
The two unification approaches are the octonion model by Tejinder Singh and the strand tangle model.c⁴
Mass media tout additional approaches, but not one of them reduced lines 6 to 9 to a smaller number while agreeing with data. c⁴

So far, only the strand tangle model deduces all 9 lines from just one. The single line is of topological nature and is called the fundamental principle:^l
The crossing switches of fluctuating strands of Planck radius define the quantum of action, the Planck time, and Boltzmann's constant.^l
As long as all experimental tests continue to confirm it, the fundamental principle is the only "law" of nature. Enjoy challenging it.^l

 
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The 9 lines summarizing physics also structure the free Motion Mountain Physics Textbook
 

Summary	Line	Details	Volume about the topic
1. Nature dislikes squander:	dW = 0	Action W=∫L dt is minimized in microscopic motion. Often, L = Ekin-Epot; the lines below fix the two fundamental Lagrangians L.	Vol. I: Fall, Flow and Heat.
2. Nature dislikes haste:	v ≤ c	Energy speed v is limited by the speed of light c. This invariant implies special relativity and restricts the possible Lagrangians.	Vol. II: Chapters on Special Relativity.
3. Nature dislikes excessive force:	F ≤ c4/4G	Force F is limited by c and the gravitational constant G. This invariant implies general relativity and, together with lines 1 and 2, fixes its Lagrangian. (Click for details.)	Vol. II: Chapters on General Relativity and Cosmology.
4. Nature dislikes sloth:	W ≥ ℏ	Action W is never smaller than the quantum of action. This invariant implies quantum theory and restricts possible Lagrangians. (Details here.)	Vol. IV: The Quantum of Change.
5. Nature dislikes perfect order:	S ≥ k ln2	Entropy S is never smaller than ln 2 times the Boltzmann constant k. This invariant implies thermodynamics.	Vol. I        (and Vol. VI)
6. Nature conserves electric charges that attract or repel:	U(1)	is the gauge symmetry of electromagnetism. It yields its Lagrangian when combined with lines 1, 2 and 4.	Vol. III: Light, Charges and Brains.
7. Nature gives nuclei two further types of charges and forces:	SU(3) & broken SU(2)	are the gauge symmetries of the two nuclear interactions, yielding their Lagrangians when combined with lines 1, 2 and 4.	Vol. V: Pleasure, Technology and Stars.
8. Nature determines the elementary particles:	18 particles	– gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, quarks, leptons and the undetected graviton – with all their quantum numbers, make up everything and, with the interactions, fix the standard model Lagrangian with massive neutrinos.	Vol. V: Pleasure, Technology and Stars.
9. Nature determines the fundamental constants:	Finally, 27 numbers	– dimensions, cosmological constant, coupling constants, elementary particle mass ratios, mixing angles – complete the two basic Lagrangians. They determine all observations and all colours.	Vol. V: Pleasure, Technology and Stars.

 
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