The grey-coloured pages are a side result of the free physics book, in particular of Dirac's spin 1/2 demonstration and of the principle of maximum force. The pages propose a complete description of fundamental physics. Enjoy.
• The standard model from strands
• Gravitation from strands
• Quantum electrodynamics from strands
• Cosmology from strands
• Physics background
• Volume VI of Motion Mountain
Feel free to
write to christoph@motionmountain.net.
The strand conjecture on the complete description of nature
When we look at the starry sky, we admire the vast space, the coloured twinkling stars, and the deep blackness. The strand conjecture proposes an explanation for their origin, their properties and their motion. The foundations of what we find around us – particles, space, horizons and colours of everything we see – are explained.
C. Schiller, A conjecture on deducing general
relativity and the standard model with its fundamental constants from
rational tangles of strands. Published in
Physics of Particles and Nuclei 50 (2019)
259–299.
dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063779619030055. Read it online for free at rdcu.be/cdCK7.
The paper argues that all of modern physics arises, directly and inevitably, from the Planck scale.
Below, the more pedagogical paper and preprints – about particle physics, gravitation and quantum electrodynamics – provide numerous experimental predictions and tests. They cover electric dipole moments, Planck limits, parity violation, additional elementary particles, graviton detection, torsion, new forces, supersymmetry, grand unification, anomalous magnetic moments, glueballs, scalar mesons, neutrino masses, numerous effects beyond the standard model, and dark matter. A detailed list of tests is given on the bet page found by clicking here.
The standard model from strands
C. Schiller, Testing a conjecture on the origin
of the standard model. Published in European
Physical Journal
Plus 136 (2021) 79.
doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-01046-8. Read it online for free at
rdcu.be/cdwSI.
Simplicity, unity, elegance. It is regularly claimed that the standard model is complex, incomplete or even ugly. The strand conjecture argues the exact opposite: all of particle physics is due to tangled strands fluctuating at the Planck scale. A single fundamental process appears to explain the principle of least action, the observed interactions and their symmetry groups, the observed elementary particle spectrum, and the constants describing them. Over 140 tests and predictions about particle physics beyond the standard model are given. They agree with all experiments. And so far, no other approach in the research literature makes (almost) any of these predictions. An additional aspect is noteworthy: no question about the standard model of particle physics remains unanswered. In summary, the explanation of the standard model using tangled strands is consistent, correct, counter-intuitive, hard to vary and, above all, complete.
Gravitation from strands
Testing a conjecture on the origin of space,
gravitation and mass.
50 000 solar masses per second. Strands provide a microscopic model for space and horizons. This allows to derive the field equations of general relativity. In addition, a complete list of over 90 tests of the strand conjecture in the domain of gravitation are deduced from a single principle. All tests agree with observations so far.
For example, strands confirm that gravitation – like nature itself – has a mass to length limit c2/4G, a mass flow limit c3/4G, a momentum flow or force limit c4/4G and a luminosity or power limit c5/4G. The limits are given by one quarter Planck mass per Planck time, or 50 756 solar masses per second (times c-1, times c or times c2). No observation ever exceeded or even reached these limits.
But above all, strands also explain the gravitational mass of elementary particles and provides upper and lower limits for the mass values.
Any complete description of nature has to be strange. To satisfy this requirement, the following animation, made by Jason Hise, shows how black hole rotation is modelled in the strand conjecture. (The flattening of the horizon is not shown.) With a bit of imagination you can determine the location of the ergosphere.
Quantum electrodynamics from strands
Testing a conjecture on quantum
electrodynamics.
Colours and beauty. The strand conjecture shows how the tangle model leads to quantum electrodynamics. Over 40 tests for the conjecture are given. So far, they are all positive. In particular, the strand conjecture appears to allow approaching two old challenges: how to calculate the fine structure constant and how to calculate the lepton masses – both from first principles. The preprint uses the tangle model of particles to deduce estimates. The fine structure constant 1/137.036(1) and the lepton masses, in particular the electron mass, are the ingredients that determine all colours, tastes, smells, sounds and most shapes around us. In other words: it is argued that tangles of strands generate all beauty in nature.
The spinning electron tangle. Strands are not
observable, only crossing switches are. Every chiral crossing produces an
electric charge e/3. Jason Hise produced an animation for the
spinning electron (though the tangle should not be flattened):
Cosmology from strands
A preprint on cosmology will appear here in future, to complete the topic. In the strand conjecture, the universe consists of a single closed strand that forms the cosmological horizon and also the particles and the space inside it. Over time, this strand gets more and more tangled. This description reproduces usual cosmology and leads to numerous tests and predictions. A few ones beforehand: the universe expands; nothing – no matter, no radiation and no space – exists beyond the cosmological horizon; the luminosity of the universe is always limited by c5/4G; dark matter is made of known matter or black holes or both; dark energy is not due to unknown or additional fields; the cosmological constant is small and positive; inflation did not occur; there are no cosmic strings, no higher dimensions and no non-trivial topology; there is no bouncing universe; there is just one universe.
Physics background
Technicalities. The strand conjecture reproduces the Lagrangians of the standard model and general relativity, explains the number of generations and the particle spectrum, deduces all Feynman diagrams and propagators, explains the gauge groups U(1), SU(2) and SU(3), explains the fundamental constants ab initio, solves the hierarchy problem, explains neutrino masses without a see-saw mechanism, solves the strong CP problem, predicts the validity of the standard model and of general relativity up to the Planck scale without any intermediate energy scale, implies that the weak interaction violates parity maximally, explains the equality of proton and positron charge, has no problems with anomalies, predicts no issues with baryogenesis, has no grand unification, has no supersymmetry, has no additional spatial dimensions, has no inflation, no inflaton and no dilaton, solves a number of black hole and singularity issues, implies gravitational waves, has no dark matter particles, has a naturally small cosmological constant, solves various problems about gauge theories, answers Hilbert's sixth problem, and explains the principle of least action.
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On gravitation, ideas from the following paper were used: C. Schiller, General relativity and cosmology derived from principle of maximum power or force, International Journal of Theoretical Physics 44 (2005) 1629–1647, doi.org/10.1007/s10773-005-4835-2. Read it online for free at rdcu.be/cdG3C.
More on Planck limits is also found here: C. Schiller, Simple derivation of minimum length, minimum dipole moment and lack of space–time continuity, International Journal of Theoretical Physics 45 (2006) 213–227, doi.org/10.1007/s10773-005-9018-7. Read it online for free at rdcu.be/cdG3E.
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Particle tangles.
Images of the three conjectured neutrino tangles:
Note the similarity of the electron neutrino tangle with three loose
strands. This is one reason for its low mass value.
Images of the conjectured tangles for the electron, the muon and the tau:
These tangles, together with the quark tangles and the elementary boson
tangles, appear to reproduce all Feynman diagrams of the standard model.
(Can you help producing 3d pictures that can be rotated by a html viewer?)
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Blog. The blog on research about fundamental physics and tangles of strands tells more about general ideas, past mistakes, objections, encountered difficulties, and progress.
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Motivation. An important motivation has always been the support for the ailing physics T-shirt industry. Since decades, the industry has been desperate for new designs.
Volume VI of Motion Mountain
History. A more extensive, more passionate, but also older and less precise presentation is the original text on the strand model. It was written as a research volume that continues the adventure of the five textbook volumes. The present edition has been updated with most results from the above preprints, and it also presents and corrects the errors of the past:
Here is a preview:
It can also be found at https://www.scribd.com/document/11598480.